73rd Amendment of Panchayati Raj in India

The 73rd Amendment 1992 added a new Part IX to the constitution titled “The Panchayats” covering provisions from Article 243 to 243(O); and a new Eleventh Schedule covering 29 subjects within the functions of the Panchayats.

Significance of the amendment

This amendment implements the article 40 of the DPSP which says that “State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government” and have upgraded them from non-justifiable to justifiable part of the constitution and has put constitutional obligation upon states to enact the Panchayati Raj Acts as per provisions of the Part IX. However, states have been given enough freedom to take their geographical, politico-administrative and others conditions into account while adopting the Panchayati Raj System.

Salient Features

1. Gram Sabha
   Gram Sabha is a body consisting of all the persons registered in the electoral rolls relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level. Since all the persons registered in electoral rolls are members of Gram Sabha, there are no elected representatives. Further, Gram Sabha is the only permanent unit in Panchayati Raj system and not constituted for a particular period. Although it serves as foundation of the Panchayati Raj, yet it is not among the three tiers of the same. The powers and functions of Gram Sabha are fixed by state legislature by law.
2. Three Tiers of Panchayati Raj
   Part IX provides for a 3 tier Panchayat system, which would be constituted in every state at the village level, intermediate level and district level. This provision brought the uniformity in the Panchayati Raj structure in India.  However, the states which were having population below 20 Lakh were given an option to not to have the intermediate level.
   All the members of these three level are elected. Further, the chairperson of panchayats at the intermediate and district levels are indirectly elected from amongst the elected members. But at the village level, the election of chairperson of Panchayat (Sarpanch) may be direct or indirect as provided by the state in its own Panchayati Raj Act.
3. Reservation in Panchayats
   There is a provision of reservation of seats for SCs and STs at every level of Panchayat. The seats are to be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population at each level.  Out of the Reserved Seats, 1/3rd have to be reserved for the women of the SC and ST.  Out of the total number of seats to be filled by the direct elections, 1/3rd have to be reserved for women. There has been an amendment bill pending that seeks to increase reservation for women to 50%. The reserved seats may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies in the Panchayat.  The State by law may also provide for reservations for the offices of the Chairpersons.
4. Duration of Panchayats
   A clear term for 5 years has been provided for the Panchayats and elections must take place before the expiry of the terms. However, the Panchayat may be dissolved earlier on specific grounds in accordance with the state legislations. In that case the elections must take place before expiry of 6 months of the dissolution.
5. Disqualification of Members
   Article 243F makes provisions for disqualifications from the membership. As per this article, any person who is qualified to become an MLA is qualified to become a member of the Panchayat, but for Panchayat the minimum age prescribed is 21 years.  Further, the disqualification criteria are to be decided by the state legislature by law.
6. Finance Commission
   State Government needs to appoint a finance commission every five years, which shall review the financial position of the Panchayats and to make recommendation on the following:
   • The Distribution of the taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. levied by the state which is to be divided between the Panchayats.
   • Allocation of proceeds between various tiers.
   • Taxes, tolls, fees assigned to Panchayats
   • Grant in aids.

   This report of the Finance Commission would be laid on the table in the State legislature. Further, the Union Finance Commission also suggests the measures needed to augment the Consolidated Funds of States to supplement the resources of the panchayats in the states.

7. Powers and Functions: 11th Schedule
   The state legislatures are needed to enact laws to endow powers and authority to the Panchayats to enable them functions of local government.  The 11th schedule enshrines the distribution of powers between the State legislature and the Panchayats. These 29 subjects are listed below:

   11th Schedule of the Constitution

   1. Agriculture, including agricultural extension.	16. Poverty alleviation programme.
   2. Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil conservation.	17. Education, including primary and secondary schools.
   3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.	18. Technical training and vocational education.
   4. Animal husbandry, dairying and poultry.	19. Adult and non-formal education.
   5. Fisheries.	20. Libraries.
   6. Social forestry and farm forestry.	21. Cultural activities.
   7. Minor forest produce.	22. Markets and fairs.
   8. Small scale industries, including food processing industries.	23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health centers and dispensaries.
   9. Khadi, village and cottage industries.	24. Family welfare.
   10. Rural housing.	25. Women and child development.
   11. Drinking water.	26. Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally retarded.
   12. Fuel and fodder.	27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
   13. Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other means of communication.	28. Public distribution system.
   14. Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity.	29. Maintenance of community assets.
   15. Non-conventional energy sources.

   Further, the state legislature can authorize the Panchayats to collect and appropriate suitable local taxes and provide grant in aids to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Funds of the states.

8. Audit of Accounts
   State Government can make provisions for audit of accounts of the Panchayats.
9. Elections
   Article 243K enshrines the provisions with respect to elections of the Panchayats. This article provides for constitution of a State Election Commission in respect of the Panchayats. This State Election Commission would have the power to supervise, direct and control the elections to the Panchayats and also prepare the electoral rolls.
   The article maintains the independence of the election commission by making provisions that the election commissioner of this commissioner would be removed only by manner and on same grounds as a Judge of the High Court. 
   If there is a dispute in the Panchayat elections, the Courts have NO jurisdiction over them. This means that the Panchayat election can be questioned only in the form of an election petition presented to an authority which the State legislature by law can prescribe. (Important)  The election commissioner for this reason is to be appointed by the Governor. The terms and conditions of the office of the Election commissioners have also to be decided by the Governor.
10. Applications to Union Territories
    Provisions of Panchayats shall be applicable to the UTs in same way as in case of the states but the President by a public notification may make any modifications in the applications of any part.
11. Exempted areas and states
    The provisions of part IX are not applicable to the following:
    • Entire states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram
    • Hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils
    • Further, the district level provisions shall not apply to the hill areas of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal which affect the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council.
    • The reservation provisions are not applicable to Arunachal Pradesh.

 

Continuance of Existing Laws

Any provision of any law relating to Panchayats in force in a State immediately before the commencement of the Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992, which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall continue to be in force until amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or competent authority.
Bar on Interference by Courts
Article 243 O bars the courts to interfere in the Panchayat Matters. The validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies cannot be questioned in a court.  No election to any Panchayat is to be questioned except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as provided by the state legislature.
 

Comment

The positive impact of the 73rd Amendment in rural India is clearly visible as it has changed power equations significantly. Elections to the Panchayats in most states are being held regularly. Through over 600 District Panchayats, around 6000 Intermediate Panchayats and 2.3 lakh Gram Panchayats, more than 28 lakh persons now have a formal position in our representative democracy.
Still, this bill lacks the proper definition of the role of the bureaucracy. It does not clearly define the role of the state government. On practical level, people are illiterate in India and they are actually not aware of these novel features. The Panchayats are dominated by effluents in some parts of the country. The 3 tiers of the Panchayati Raj have still very limited financial powers and their viability is entirely dependent upon the political will of the states.